The Fledgling Handbook 101 Pdf.rar
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To quantify the fitness cost of Pb, we applied a model describing the potential fecundity of females. We chose the model because it is a widely used method in the field of toxicology and toxicology-related studies (e.g., see references78,79), and because it has been applied to estimate the fitness costs of other environmental contaminants (i.e., polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs, and mercury). This model, developed by E. O. Wilson, is a simple model that assumes that adult females are able to reproduce only once in their lifetime. We used three different levels of fecundity (high, medium, and low) to describe the potential reproductive success for each female, based on the Pb concentration of the surrounding water. To test the effects of high Pb levels on the potential reproductive success of females, we also included the number of fledglings produced by each female. Because Pb effects on the mating behavior of males are unknown in the field, we decided to omit the male component of the model. Under these assumptions, the model predicted the number of offspring produced by a given female over her lifetime. We used the predicted number of offspring as a measure of the potential reproductive success of each female, with a higher number indicating greater potential fecundity. Because of the low number of females that produced fledglings, we could not statistically compare the number of fledglings produced per female in the 4th, 6th, and 8th highest Pb-contaminated birds with those in the 2nd highest and 3rd highest Pb-contaminated birds.
Bird selection on the basis of Pb levels was evaluated by comparing the 2nd highest, 4th highest, 6th highest, and 8th highest Pb-contaminated birds in the order of increasing number of fledglings with each other and with the first 10 birds in the order of decreasing Pb levels. If Pb had a selective effect (i.e., if selection favoured or disfavoured individuals with higher Pb levels, with selection being stronger at the higher Pb levels), higher Pb-contaminated birds would be selected to mate with lower Pb birds, and vice versa. However, if Pb was under genetic control, birds with lower Pb levels would be selected more often to mate, regardless of the Pb level of their partner, owing to the reduced fitness cost associated with lower Pb levels.
The purpose of this manual is to assist States in the implementation of the specifications for proper design of taxiway systems and help ensure their uniform application. Future editions of this manual will be updated to include any experience gained. A properly designed taxiway system ensures a smooth, continuous flow of aircraft ground traffic, operating at the highest level of safety and efficiency and contributes to optimum aerodrome utilisation. Subsequent to the Fourth Edition in 2005, new specifications on taxiways have been developed based on reliable, demonstrable and scientifically tested information. Revised specifications are expected to significantly improve efficiency, reduce construction and maintenance costs in addition to having a positive impact on the environment. 827ec27edc